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However, the exogenous administration of GLP-1RAs can mitigate sympathetic excitability by suppressing the peripheral chemoreflex originating from the carotid body.467 Under hyperglycemic conditions, GLP-1RAs regulate hypertension by inhibiting carotid body function.468 Specifically, these agents can attenuate the excitability of carotid body cells and diminish sympathetic activation, ultimately leading to a reduction in sympathetic responses.465 This modulatory effect holds promise for ameliorating sympathetic activity in individuals with hypertension, as these agents lower blood pressure levels.469 Importantly, the GLP-1-carotid body pathway may represent a novel therapeutic target for managing cardiovascular metabolism and treating patients with diabetes and hypertension who exhibit heightened sympathetic activity.465 (Fig

Severe sepsis and cardiac arrhythmias

Modifications within the peptide backbone and sequence influence receptor binding behavior and resistance to enzymatic degradation in biochemical environments

GHK-Cu for regenerative peptide signaling

Hypertension 2009;54(3):567-574

3d), suggesting a divergent mechanism from hGIP in alpha cells